Aconitum - Wikipedia. Aconitum (),[2] commonly known as aconite, monkshood, wolf's bane, leopard's bane, mousebane, women's bane, devil's helmet, queen of poisons, or blue rocket, is a genus of over 2. Ranunculaceae. These herbaceous perennial plants are chiefly native to the mountainous parts of the Northern Hemisphere,[3] growing in the moisture- retentive but well- draining soils of mountain meadows.

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Most species are extremely poisonous[4] and must be dealt with carefully. Etymology[edit]. Northern blue monkshood (A. The name aconitum comes from the Greek ἀκόνιτον, which may derive from the Greek akon for dart or javelin, the tips of which were poisoned with the substance, or from akonae, because of the rocky ground on which the plant was thought to grow.[5] The Greek name lycotonum, which translates literally to "wolf's bane", is thought to indicate the use of its juice to poison arrows or baits used to kill wolves.[6]Description[edit]The dark green leaves of Aconitum species lack stipules.

They are palmate or deeply palmately lobed with five to seven segments. Each segment again is trilobed with coarse sharp teeth. The leaves have a spiral (alternate) arrangement. The lower leaves have long petioles. Dissected flower of Aconitum vulparia, showing the nectaries. The tall, erect stem is crowned by racemes of large blue, purple, white, yellow, or pink zygomorphic flowers with numerous stamens.

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• Aconitum (/ ˌ æ k ə ˈ n aɪ t əm /), commonly known as aconite, monkshood, wolf's bane, leopard's bane, mousebane, women's bane, devil's helmet, queen of poisons.

They are distinguishable by having one of the five petaloidsepals (the posterior one), called the galea, in the form of a cylindrical helmet, hence the English name monkshood.[3] Two to 1. The two upper petals are large and are placed under the hood of the calyx and are supported on long stalks. They have a hollow spur at their apex, containing the nectar. The other petals are small and scale- like or nonforming. The three to five carpels are partially fused at the base. The fruit is an aggregate of follicles, a follicle being a dry, many- seeded structure. Ecology[edit]Aconitum species have been recorded as food plant of the caterpillars of several moths. The Insect Woman Movie Watch Online.

The yellow tiger moth Arctia flavia, and the purple- shaded gem Euchalcia variabilis are at home on A. The engrailed Ectropis crepuscularia, yellow- tail Euproctis similis, mouse moth Amphipyra tragopoginis, pease blossom Periphanes delphinii, and Mniotype bathensis, have been observed feeding on A. The purple- lined sallow Pyrrhia exprimens, and Blepharita amica were found eating from A. The dot moth Melanchra persicariae occurs both on A. A. intermedium. The golden plusia Polychrysia moneta is hosted by A. A. napellus, A. septentrionale, and A. Other moths associated with Aconitum species include the wormwood pug Eupithecia absinthiata, satyr pug E.

Aterpia charpentierana, and A. It is also the primary food source for the Old World bumblebee Bombus consobrinus.[9][1. The roots of A. ferox supply the Nepalese poison called bikh, bish, or nabee. It contains large quantities of the alkaloid pseudaconitine, which is a deadly poison. The root of A. luridum, of the Himalaya, is said to be as poisonous as that of A. A. napellus.[3]Several species of Aconitum have been used as arrow poisons. The Minaro in Ladakh use A.

Ainu in Japan used a species of Aconitum to hunt bear.[1. The Chinese also used Aconitum poisons both for hunting[1. Aconitum poisons were used by the Aleuts of Alaska's Aleutian Islands for hunting whales. Usually, one man in a kayak armed with a poison- tipped lance would hunt the whale, paralyzing it with the poison and causing it to drown.[1. Cultivation[edit]The more common species of Aconitum are generally those cultivated in gardens, especially hybrids.

They typically thrive in well- drained evenly moist garden soils like the related Hellebores and Delphiniums, and can grow in the shade of trees. They can be propagated by divisions of the root or by seeds; care should be taken not to leave pieces of the root where livestock might be poisoned. All parts of the plant should be handled while wearing protective disposable gloves.[3] The hybrid cultivar A. Bicolor' has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.[1.

Unlike Helleborus and Delphinium, there are no double- flowered hybrid forms. Aconitum plants are typically much longer- lived than the closely related Delphinium plants, putting less energy into floral reproduction. As with hellebores some others in the family, they do not like to be moved once established and seeds that aren't planted soon after harvesting should be stored moist- packed in vermiculite to avoid dormancy and viability issues. Color range[edit]A medium to dark semi- saturated blue- purple is the typical flower color for Aconitum species. Aconitum species tend to be variable enough in form and color in the wild to cause debate and confusion among experts when it comes to species classification boundaries.

The overall color range of the genus is rather limited, although the palette has been extended a small amount with hybridization. In the wild, some Aconitum blue- purple shades can be very dark. In cultivation the shades do not reach this level of depth.

Aside from blue- purple — white, very pale greenish white, creamy white, and pale greenish yellow are also somewhat common in nature. Wine red (or red- purple) occurs in several uncommon or rare Asian species, including a climbing variety. There is a pale semi- saturated pink produced by cultivation as well as bicolor hybrids (e. Purplish shades range from very dark blue- purple to a very pale lavender that is quite greyish. The latter occurs in the "Stainless Steel" hybrid. Neutral blue (rather than purplish or greenish), greenish blue, and intense blues, available in some related Delphinium plants — particularly Delphinium grandiflorum — do not occur in this genus.

Aconitum plants that have purplish blue flowers are often inaccurately referred to as having blue flowers, even though the purple tone dominates. If there are species with true (neutral) blue or greenish blue flowers they are rare and do not occur in cultivation. Also unlike the Delphinium genus, there are no true or bright red or intense pink Aconitum plants, as none known evolved to be pollinated by hummingbirds. There are no orange- flowered varieties nor are any green- flowered. Aconitum is typically more intense in color than Helleborus but less intense than Delphinium.

There are no black- like flowers in Aconitum, unlike Helleborus. Toxicology[edit]. Monkshood, Aconitum napellus.

Marked symptoms may appear almost immediately, usually not later than one hour, and "with large doses death is almost instantaneous". Death usually occurs within two to six hours in fatal poisoning (2. The initial signs are gastrointestinal, including nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. This is followed by a sensation of burning, tingling, and numbness in the mouth and face, and of burning in the abdomen.[3] In severe poisonings, pronounced motor weakness occurs and cutaneous sensations of tingling and numbness spread to the limbs. Cardiovascular features include hypotension, sinus bradycardia, and ventricular arrhythmias. Other features may include sweating, dizziness, difficulty in breathing, headache, and confusion. The main causes of death are ventricular arrhythmias and asystole, or paralysis of the heart or respiratory center.[1.

The only post mortem signs are those of asphyxia.[3]Treatment of poisoning is mainly supportive. All patients require close monitoring of blood pressure and cardiac rhythm. Gastrointestinal decontamination with activated charcoal can be used if given within one hour of ingestion.[1. The major physiological antidote is atropine, which is used to treat bradycardia. Other drugs used for ventricular arrhythmia include lidocaine, amiodarone, bretylium, flecainide, procainamide, and mexiletine. Cardiopulmonary bypass is used if symptoms are refractory to treatment with these drugs.[1. Successful use of charcoal hemoperfusion has been claimed in patients with severe aconitine poisoning.[1.